The World of Early Buddhist Texts

The world in which these texts arose — era, political geography, society, intellectual climate, and the calamities recorded in the canon. Background is background, not a causal explanation of doctrine.

政治地理

  • canonical 「十六大國(Mahājanapadas)」之名單見於增支部,是經內對當時主要國邦的列舉。 經內名單可定位經段;屬正典。
  • scholarly ・disputed 佛陀時代的恆河平原正經歷「第二次城市化」:城鎮、貿易與國邦政治興起。摩竭陀(都王舍城)與憍薩羅(都舍衛城)為兩大強權,並有跋耆/離車等共和寡頭邦並存。 來源:Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (2002);F. R. Allchin, The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia (1995) 為廣泛接受的史學框架,但絕對年代仍有辯論;年代一律以「約/範圍」表述。

社會經濟

  • scholarly ・disputed 城鎮與貿易帶動貨幣經濟,居士/商人(gahapati)階層抬頭;婆羅門正統與新興沙門(出家遊行)潮流並存。 來源:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India (4th ed., 2004) 學界重建,絕對年代寫為「約」。

思想環境

  • scholarly ・disputed 沙門運動興盛,與同代的耆那教(大雄 Mahāvīra)、六師外道等並存,是一個多元的思想市場。 來源:Johannes Bronkhorst, The Two Sources of Indian Asceticism (1993);Richard Gombrich, Theravāda Buddhism (2nd ed., 2006) 客觀並陳,不以任何一方立場褒貶他派。

天災人禍

  • canonical 《大般涅槃經》(長部16)開篇載阿闍世王欲伐跋耆;典籍另載琉璃王(Viḍūḍabha)滅釋迦族。此類為在典記載的事件。
  • canonical 環境事實:季風週期與「雨安居」——僧團於雨季定居,是環境直接形塑修行制度的乾淨例子。

The dating problem

The dating of ancient events has long lacked scholarly consensus; positions below are listed by name, not adjudicated.

  • scholarly 修正長部年代(Corrected Long Chronology):約 567–487 B.C.E.(入滅約 480 B.C.E.)。 Warder(1970)後一度被視為近乎確定。
  • scholarly 印度短部年代(Short Chronology):約 448–368 B.C.E.。
  • scholarly 現代教科書近似:約 563–483 B.C.E.(常見,但仍是近似)。
  • scholarly Bechert 主編《When Did the Buddha Live?》(1995)主張修正長部年代「已不可維持」,推動往較晚年代重估。 近年另有以天文/考古方法提出新異議者。

參考文獻

本頁學界陳述之具名來源(持續增補)。

  • Heinz Bechert (ed.), When Did the Buddha Live? The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha (1995).
  • A. K. Warder, Indian Buddhism (1970).
  • Richard Gombrich, Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo (2nd ed., 2006).
  • Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (2002).
  • F. R. Allchin, The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States (1995).
  • Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India (4th ed., 2004).
  • Johannes Bronkhorst, The Two Sources of Indian Asceticism (1993).
  • G. P. Malalasekera, Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names (1937–38;公共領域).